Lack of overall architecture
Technical networks grow organically over the years - often without an overarching security concept, clear segmentation or defined responsibilities.
Uncontrolled system landscape
Some IP-based control systems and field devices have been in use for decades - without structured updates, patch management or a lifecycle strategy.
Unsecured IT/OT transitions
There are direct or inadequately secured transitions between office networks and technical control systems - a frequent attack vector.
Insufficient physical protection
Network cabinets, ports or field devices are often freely accessible. Physical security is underestimated in technical environments.